Echoes of An Infamous Anti-Semitic Jersey Past Are Heard in A New Report

This week the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) published its annual report on Anti-Semitic incidents in the Garden State. The results, as reported in many of our area’s papers, are mixed. While it is true that an overwhelming majority of Jewish people living in New Jersey go about their daily lives without having to face this historic scourge, still, 78 incidents occurred in 2013. According to the ADL, these incidents involved acts of vandalism, assault and threats. 

Racism and discrimination in all their perverse forms are bad, but ‘modern’ Anti-Semitism is its own kind of historical nemesis. I’ve been in education for over a decade, and I can honestly tell you, most New Jerseyans, despite our state’s Holocaust awareness requirement, fail understand the danger of organized Anti-Semitism to humanity in particular, and it’s long history in New Jersey (of all places!). It’s worth a retelling.

Medieval anti-Semitism is rooted in the Christian Bible, which has been interpreted as blaming Jews for the conspiracy to arrest and kill Jesus. Much of this hatred was fed to Europeans over the centuries by the Catholic and later Luther-inspired Protestant Churches. To be fair, this belief in collective Jewish guilt has been formally renounced by the Roman Catholic Church and most Protestant Churches. Over the past three decades, in fact, the Papacy has gone to great lengths to embrace good Jewish-Catholic relations through Papal Synagogue visits and various edicts. I do not think that I would be inaccurate in stating that, at least in New Jersey, if any Christian priest or preacher got up on next Sunday morning and told his or her congregation that Jews were “Christ Killers” the parishioners would simply walk out, throw the preacher out, or both. But this kind of anti-Semitism isn’t what motivates modern day Jew haters anyway.

Modern, formerly "respectable” Anti-Semitism is not ancient. It’s not even German. It’s not from the Arab world and it had nothing to do with the Spanish Inquisition or the Crusades. It wasn’t born in the desert or amongst some maniacal civilization. It emerged, largely, from one of the most cosmopolitan centers of European civilization, from a city that still prides itself on its Baroque architecture, its cobblestone streets, and its sumptuous coffeehouses. Modern-day Anti-Semitism was born in Vienna, Austria, between 1880 and the outbreak of World War I.

These people, whoever they are – be they punks, White Supremacists, or Klansman, who are going around New Jersey committing acts of hatred are believers, for the most part, in this kind of anti-Semitism. Though Modern Anti-Semitism’s origins are a bit complex, the movement really crystalized and gained respect and electoral power in Turn-of-The-Century, cosmopolitan Vienna. It was there that, in the effort to gain votes and create some kind of national identity out of a diverse population, leaders pointed to the Jews as a common enemy. These anti-Semites stipulated that Jews, both religious and secular, were a cancer on humanity. These people preached, to great success, that Jews, through their achievements in the professions, were climbing to the top of their fields in a conspiratorial plan. This “plan,” was to be executed at the ‘right’ moment, on some kind of international basis, when Jews would strike to enslave and degrade all Christians. The conspiracy theory took several forms, but this was the most common one. In the meanwhile, most Anti-Semites said, Jews, by increasing their power and influence, were out to make the lives of Christians impoverished and marginal.

The moment of “respectable crystallization,” happened with the election of one of the great urban mayors of the early 20^th century: Dr. Karl Lueger. Today Austrians like to forget about his intense anti-Semitism, as he was responsible for much of the modernization of Vienna. But at the time, Lueger’s intense hatred for the Jewish people – who comprised of a sizable minority of Vienna itself – was well known. Lueger used his tremendous oratory and persuasive powers to convince city voters that Jews were the main problem. In 1907, a few years before his death, Lueger told one reporter:

“A Jew must remember that neither Germany, nor Austria, nor Poland is his land. He must remember that wherever he may be, he is a stranger to the native population…I do not care about the welfare of the Jews. If their life here is miserable, let them go away.”

Today any big city mayor who made such a statement would be branded as crazy…insane. But these were the words of one of the most popular, elected politicians in the civilized world, and his words would not go unheeded. Under Lueger’s rule, Jews would be discriminated against, publicly assaulted, ridiculed and pushed out of organizations of all kinds. But his admirers were many, including one down-on-his-luck, failed artist and frequent inhabitant of the city’s homeless shelters and rooming houses named Adolf Hitler.

Now wait just a second. I thought this was a blog about New Jersey? What does an infamous Austrian mayor who died in 1910 have anything to do with anti-Semitism in, say, Newark or the Jersey Shore?

The respectability that Lueger gave to such hatred had transatlantic consequences, and this influence spread quickly. How quickly? He died in 1910; within a decade his organized, articulate anti-Jewish rhetoric would assist the growth of two of New Jersey’s most infamous – and powerful – hate groups: the Klan and the Nazis.

The Anti-Semitic Klan, partly due to the ‘respectability’ that Lueger and others had given the hatred of Jews and Judaism, spread rapidly here. Klan groups and “klaverns” organized by the thousands and the repressive organization established its headquarters in Newark. Amazing as the sight would be today, during holiday parades in several New Jersey towns and cities, Klan members marched by the hundreds – even the thousands – to promote their nefarious cause. Their organization published newsletters and newspapers and endorsed candidates running for local and state offices. 

The Klan held huge ceremonies in the summertime, particularly at the Shore. One New York Times article claims that a July 1924 rally near Long Branch drew 20,000 supporters. The Klan participated in open, publiziced acts of terrorism. In April of 1922 they burned a huge cross on top of Paterson’s Garrett Mountain that was visible throughout much of Passaic County. While publicly promoting itself as another civic organization, Klansmen terrorized Jews, Catholics and immigrants through assaults and even bombings. Amazing right? Yes, it happened right here, in New Jersey. And it wasn’t over.

The Klan’s national power faded in the late 1920’s due to a variety of factors, one being a major murder scandal involving its Grand Wizard. The movement’s deterioration was reflected in New Jersey as well. But by the early 1930’s, Anti-Semitism was back in the Garden State and in a big, terrifying way.

In the years before the Second World War, New Jersey was home to a major

New Jersey Nazi Camp, Andover, 1938

Nazi movement that called itself “The Bund.” Like its evil twin in Germany, New Jersey’s Nazis dressed up in brown uniforms, held gatherings in beer halls, and established their own “base camps” in places like Andover. Yes, I am not kidding here. In the mid-1930’s, there was a Nazi camp, with real, goose-stepping, Hitler saluting, anti-Jewish stormtroopers, in Sussex County.

Area residents, like my grandmother who lived in Irvington at the time, grew concerned and frightened. When a collection of Nazi organizations from New Jersey and New York sold out Madison Square Garden for a rally in the mid-1930’s, the movement was on the borderline of – and its frightening to say – respectability. I would like to report that it was the outrages of the Nazis in Germany that led to the Jersey Bund’s decline, and that is frequently taught, but it was more likely the efforts of the state and Federal governments to squash the movement that probably brought on its end. And, of course, The War.

So here we are again, sort of, but on a much smaller basis. The Neo-Nazis or the Anti-Semites or whomever you want to call them are in our presence, but they’re not respectable. The average New Jersey resident, of course, knows from our present perspective what these kinds of ideas lead to: violence, mass death, collective sadism…etc. We’re all decent people, right? We’ll continue to work together as a diverse community towards the future. Yes, we’ll have our disagreements, but this is all our land. We still believe in those ideals…don’t we?

Man, I hope so. But the ADL’s report of 78 Jersey-based incidents in 2013 does shake my faith. A little bit.   

New Jersey's Quakers: Their Nonviolent Legacy Still Echoes in Name and Law

New Jersey’s history is a rich one, especially its now underappreciated but intense a religious past. New Jerseyans aren’t the most religious of Americans, at least not anymore. Yes, a look around our cities and suburbs reveals a wide variety of faiths; Jews, Catholics, Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhists and Hindus all share space in our small state. And let us not forget the increasingly vocal minority of nonbelievers who are making their voices heard through their own organizations. Then there are a lot of my own neighbors, who tend to treat religion like it’s a salad bar, hopping from church to church depending on all sorts of factors, from requested church contributions to the personality of the leading priest or pastor. I say to them, bless you all. You keep our state an interesting, vibrant place - filled with people concerned with this life and the next.

But here and there – you don’t see them so prominently these days – you may notice a coworker or a friend refer to church as “Meeting.” Perhaps you may spot one of their “Meeting Houses” – typically a plain white or brick structure, unassuming in nature. Yet their intellectual, historical and spiritual contributions to the state of New Jersey are so prevalent that much of our landscape still bears their name or at least their legacy. To each other they’re known as “The Society of Friends,” but to the rest of us, we call them Quakers.

Stony Brook Quaker Meeting House, Princeton, N.J.

They’re usually associated with William Penn’s neighboring Pennsylvania, yet

The Garden State owes this small religious minority a debt that can never be repaid. Place-names like Quakerbridge, Penns Neck, Pennsauken and dozens of others attest to their presence. More importantly, the legacy of religious freedom, toleration and the lack of an established Church – core elements of our state’s own Constitution - testify to their heritage of intellectual vigor, personal mercy and liberality.

There are a lot of qualities of the Quakers worth recounting, but one in particular I find most compelling simply because it’s gotten them into the most trouble with authorities over the past four centuries (they were founded in England in the late 1640’s). Quakers are Christians, but their interpretation of Christianity demands political and personal pacifism. Quakers despise all forms of physical violence and religious coercion. Since their founding to today, they will tell you that the best way to worship Jesus is to continually try, in our imperfect human form, to imitate him. And since Jesus never killed anyone, or fought in any wars, or burned any witches, or practiced any form of religious violence, then no one should. Period.

In both England and America, this literal embracing of pacifism got them fined, jailed, exiled, whipped, disqualified from the voting rolls and elected office, publicly humiliated and executed. Puritans in both England and New England, right up to the end of the 1600’s, regarded Quakers as their polar opposites and persecuted them relentlessly. Yet by the time of the American Revolution, Quakers comprised of a significant minority in North America, and in New Jersey in particular. Eventually their beliefs concerning religious freedom made their way into New Jersey’s first Constitution of 1776:

      “That no person shall ever, within this Colony, be

      deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping Almighty God

      in a manner agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience; nor,

      under any pretence whatever, be compelled to attend any place of

      worship, contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall any

      person, within this Colony, ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes

      or any other rates, for the purpose of building or repairing any

      other church or churches, place or places of worship, or for the

      maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he

      believes to be right, or has deliberately or voluntarily engaged

      himself to perform.”

But even with victory in the Revolution, the Quaker dedication to non-violence would still create tensions with New Jersey. And this is where it gets most interesting, at least for me. Over the course of my research for my A.P. history class, I came upon an absolutely fascinating document from July of 1833. Specifically, the document is a formal petition from New Jersey’s Quakers to the State Legislature in Trenton. It is a document of principle, of a people dedicated to the cause of humanity, of a people who were ready at any time – even in an age when their formal persecution was over – to pay a steep price for their beliefs.

In 1833 the Legislature was considering a new bill addressing the state militia. As I’ve said in an earlier blog, the business of being armed and in the militia (New Jersey’s military service) was a social one. Militia service was considered an important part of civic life. The bill would continue the state law demanding, in times of need, all armed men to defend it. But in a new twist, those who opposed military service (i.e. Quakers) could opt out, but would still have to pay a sort of ‘substitution tax’ in lieu of their duty. The bill would then direct such monies to public education or some other non-violent, state-provided service.

The Quakers, though admitting that the era of persecution had passed, would not be moved. They would not serve, ever, in the state’s militia, nor would they pay any tax that acknowledged the state’s legitimate power to engage in the business of killing. And if this resulted in Quakers going to prison, then, so be it:

“As mankind are brought under the influence of the spirit of Christ Jesus, and fully obey his divine commands, wars and fightings must cease…To their sincerity in this belief, our predecessors invariably bore testimony, frequently suffering…long and cruel imprisonment…That which our Lord has forbidden us no human enactments can make lawful; when these require us to violate the divine law, we submit to suffer all that man may be permitted to inflict, rather than wound our consciences.”

What a remarkable group of people. The issue that fascinates me here is not just that the Quakers were strong believers in gentleness and pacifism, they were, even in the years after religious freedom had been secured, still willing to lose their liberty for such faith. The decades of freedom that followed the Revolution had not made them complacent. They never sought to hurt anyone; nonviolence was at the core of their being and they weren’t afraid to acknowledge it – even to their legislators in Trenton. They were willing to walk the walk, even if that path ended in poverty, humiliation and prison. And prison in the 1830’s was not a place where people went to sit around or lift weights or make license plates; it was a place where after a month or two you usually got sick - and died.

I tried to find out if their request for an amendment to the bill was ever fulfilled but I could not. I’ll keep looking though. Nevertheless, I do not believe that any Quaker was ever arrested before or since then for refusal to serve in any of New Jersey’s military forces.

Knowing what I now know about the Quaker legacy and presence here in New Jersey, I think I’ll visit the Stony Brook Quaker Meeting House here in Princeton this weekend. I need to pay my respects to some of the most progressive builders of the Garden State.